Many have asked how to read and understand the meaning of a Polynesian tattoo, and the answer is always the same: it’s not entirely possible. Almost.
If you examine the two tattoos above, it’s clear they carry distinct meanings and purposes. The one on the left is clearly linked to femininity, while the one on the right is likely related to warrior symbolism.
Each symbol in a Polynesian tattoo can carry multiple meanings, and how these symbols are used in conjunction with each other gives rise to different interpretations and stories. For instance, the enata symbol represents a person—it could refer to a father in one tattoo, a friend in another, or the wearer of the tattoo themselves. The tiki symbolizes protection, often representing a divinity or a revered ancestor. The ipu is a symbol of fertility, but it can also represent good winds or ancestors, particularly if mirrored in the design.
The story behind each tattoo is just as important as the symbols themselves. The true meaning of a tattoo can only be understood within the context of the entire design and its specific narrative. The only people who know the exact meaning of each symbol in a Polynesian tattoo are the tattoo artist and the person wearing it, which adds to the personal nature of these tattoos. Even though the tattoos are visible to all, their stories remain private.
Larger symbols in a tattoo often represent the most significant themes, while smaller symbols contribute details to the overall narrative. The placement and size of these elements can provide insights into the tattoo’s general meaning, but without knowing the full story, it’s difficult to interpret the tattoo’s deeper significance.
Let’s take a closer look at a tattoo example to understand how this works.
Looking at the design, the central element is the tiki, which represents a divinity or an ancestor. This tiki is enclosed within the shape of a mere, a war club and symbol of chiefly status, emphasizing themes of strength and leadership.
Upon closer examination, we can identify several secondary elements in the tattoo:
All-seeing eye (protection)
Fish hook (prosperity)
Chasing birds (support for loved ones)
Path of Kamehameha (challenging journey)
Spearheads (warrior, strength)
Stepping stones (achievements, lessons)
Adze (skills, hard work)
Enata (man)
Shark teeth (adaptability, protection)
Sun (success, joy)
Waves (change)
Mountains (stability)
Based on these symbols, we can interpret that the tattoo emphasizes protection, especially through the tiki and the all-seeing eye, and the chasing birds symbolizing support for loved ones. It also signifies overcoming challenges, with the spearheads and the path of Kamehameha representing bravery and determination. The presence of the adze and spearheads suggests the importance of skill and hard work in reaching success, which is symbolized by the sun at the end of the path. The mere suggests a link to status and respect, while the fish hook signifies prosperity.
However, we cannot fully grasp the meaning of the tattoo without understanding its deeper story. So, let’s look at the narrative behind the design: this tattoo serves as a memorial for a father, symbolized by the tiki. The father was a respected and strong figure (represented by the mere-like shape), who imparted his wisdom and teachings to his son (the stepping stones at the base). The son is meant to take his place at the head, as seen with the tiki holding the enata (man) within the sun, symbolizing success. The mere was passed down through generations, a legacy of strength and leadership.
The father, depicted as a solid figure (the mountains), supported his son (the chasing birds), helping him prosper (the fish hook) by teaching him the skills necessary (adze and spearheads) to face life’s challenges (the path of Kamehameha). Ultimately, the father prepares his son for leadership, signified by the sun, after his passing, represented by the waves moving away from the son toward the tiki, the deified ancestor.
With this backstory, every element of the tattoo falls into place, and its true meaning emerges.
While we can understand the general themes of the tattoo—family, protection, prosperity, and strength—it’s impossible to fully decode its story without knowing the personal narrative behind it. Polynesian tattoos, like all visual art from the culture, serve as a medium for storytelling, whether it’s a personal history or a broader historical tale passed down orally. These tattoos are not just decorative; they carry profound meaning tied to the individual and their journey.
Both the story and the design are equally important. Understanding one without the other is incomplete, as the person wearing the tattoo is the only one who truly knows its meaning and the mana it holds. A tattoo’s power is fully realized when it resonates with the wearer’s life story, and when that connection is made, the possibilities are limitless.
JAPANESE TATTOO: THE COMPLETE GUIDE!
Traditional Japanese motifs, designs, and stylistic elements continue to be a major source of inspiration for contemporary tattoo artists. Many artists enjoy blending classic symbols with modern touches, but one thing remains consistent across all these variations: the deep roots of “irezumi,” the art of traditional Japanese tattooing.
A HISTORY OF TATTOOING IN JAPAN
The history of tattooing in Japan spans centuries, with its origins seen in the tattooed faces of ancient clay figurines. These early representations indicate that tattooing was practiced as far back as the Jomon period. By the 7th century, tattoos evolved into a form of punishment, marking prisoners, courtesans, and criminals. This punitive practice persisted for over 1,000 years, shaping the initial role of tattoos in Japanese society.
In the 18th century, however, Japanese tattoo art underwent a transformation. Traditional tattoos, known as irezumi, became associated with vibrant and intricate designs, gaining popularity among lower social classes like laborers, peasants, and members of criminal organizations such as gangs. Despite the colorful, artistic nature of these tattoos, their association with the lower classes and their long history of use for punishment led to their eventual ban in Japan. Interestingly, tattooing was still permitted on foreigners, as a way to maintain a separation between the native population and outside influences.
SYMBOLISM IN JAPANESE TATTOOS
Japan is a land rich in symbolism, where every element of life, from nature to spirituality, holds deep significance. Rooted in Shintoism, the traditional religion that revolves around the belief in spirits and the worship of nature, many of Japan’s symbols reflect a connection to the natural world, where animals—both real and mythical—play a prominent role. Japanese tattoos, known for their intricate detail and vivid imagery, often embody a variety of themes, with each design holding a unique meaning.
DRAGON
One of the most iconic symbols in Japanese tattoo art is the dragon. Known for its majestic and mystical qualities, the dragon represents a wide array of values, such as power, justice, wisdom, and the ability to keep secrets. The dragon also symbolizes decisiveness and strength of character. Those who choose dragon tattoos are often seen as individuals who are not afraid to push beyond conventional limits, seeking to gain new knowledge and achieve greatness. The dragon’s deep-rooted meaning and dynamic presence make it a favorite motif in Japanese tattoo culture.
SNAKE
In Japanese culture, the snake is a symbol with complex and dual meanings. On one hand, it represents patience, calmness, and the ability to remain composed in challenging situations. On the other hand, it can also signify cunning and hypocrisy, reflecting negative traits in some interpretations.
Due to its somewhat ambiguous nature, snakes are rarely depicted as the central figure in Japanese tattoos. Instead, they are often paired with other symbols that carry positive connotations to counterbalance their more negative associations. For instance, a snake entwined with chrysanthemums is a common motif. In this context, the flowers act as a protective charm, symbolizing well-being, harmony, and a shield against conflicts, illness, and misfortune. This pairing highlights the snake’s ability to protect and guide while mitigating any darker meanings.
TIGER
The tiger in Japanese tattoo art is a powerful symbol, representing strength, courage, and a complex personality. Tigers are often depicted in various poses, each holding distinct meaning regarding the wearer’s character.
Resting tiger: A tattoo featuring a resting tiger symbolizes wisdom gained through life experiences, composure, and inner strength. It reflects a person who has earned respect through their calm demeanor and steady resolve.
Aggressive tiger: In contrast, an aggressive tiger tattoo signifies a person who has faced and overcome hardships. This representation shows a fierce individual, unafraid to fight for their beliefs and pursue their goals relentlessly, no matter the obstacles.
KOI CARP
Despite their small size, these fish symbolize masculine strength, family happiness, and resilience for the Japanese. The koi carp is believed to bring luck to its owner. The larger the design, the stronger the positive impact on the person’s life. A pair of fish represents harmony in a relationship between a man and a woman. If the koi carp is depicted swimming in a turbulent water flow, it means the wearer is ready to overcome obstacles and can withstand them. A calm water setting signifies achieved success and pride.
BAKU
A mythical monster with the eyes of a rhinoceros, the paws of a tiger, and the trunk of an elephant. Despite its frightening appearance, this creature protects people from nightmares and illnesses.
DEMONS
Demons hold a prominent place in traditional Japanese tattoo art, often drawn from epic tales and legends. These mythical beings, often depicted with vivid and colorful features, represent more than just fearsome creatures—they embody transformation and protection. According to Japanese folklore, wicked individuals can transform into demons, with many once being human themselves. Tattoos featuring these figures are believed to offer protection against negativity and evil forces:
Raijin – The god of thunder in Japanese culture, Raijin is portrayed as a horned demon with black skin, often shown tearing a scroll with his teeth. As a protector of the Buddhist faith, Raijin is considered a benevolent deity who drives away evil spirits.
Oni-Ondeko – Known as the dancing demon, Oni-Ondeko is depicted with three comma-like symbols called mons, representing balance and harmony between male and female energy. This demon is a symbol of prosperity, abundance, and good harvests.
Rokurokubi – These creatures appear human by day, but at night, they can stretch their necks to terrifying lengths and transform their appearance to frighten others. The concept of transformation makes them both mysterious and fearsome figures in Japanese folklore.
Jankuy – A demon fighter and warrior who took his life through suicide but vowed to protect people. Jankuy’s transformation into a demon is a symbol of redemption and protection. Tattoos of Jankuy, often seen battling Oni, are regarded as powerful charms that ward off evil and safeguard the wearer.
MASKS
Masks are a significant and enigmatic element in Japanese tattoo art, symbolizing the duality of nature and hidden emotions. They are often depicted with a sinister grimace, but this expression conveys strength and resilience rather than baseless aggression, acting as a shield against adversaries. In Eastern mythology, masks are not just decorative but carry deep meanings, representing protection, wisdom, and the complexities of the human experience. The most common types of masks in Japanese tattoos include demonic masks, Hannya masks, and samurai masks.
Oni Mask: Oni, demons often shown with enormous fangs and horns, are attendants to the God of Death. While they are protectors of the righteous, they bring misfortune to the wicked. Tattoos featuring Oni masks embody the power to ward off evil and protect the wearer from harm.
Tengu Mask: Depicted as humanoid crows or with a bright red face and long nose, Tengu masks symbolize protectors of nature. Known for their fierce loyalty, Tengu punish those who disrespect or harm the natural world. Tattoos of Tengu masks represent nature’s guardianship and the strength to fight against destruction.
Samurai Mask (Mengu): Originally worn by warriors in battle, the samurai mask is a symbol of mystery, courage, and steadfastness. It embodies responsibility, loyalty, and the will to overcome challenges. People who wear samurai mask tattoos often conceal their emotions and prefer to act with discretion, displaying resilience in their pursuits.
Hannya Mask: The Hannya mask represents a complex demon, once a beautiful woman consumed by jealousy. It is designed with two contrasting expressions—angry on one side and tearful on the other. Hannya masks in tattoos are symbolic of the power of unchecked emotions, serving as a reminder to maintain composure and wisdom. They act as a powerful charm against destructive passions and negative forces.
SEVERED HEAD
The severed head, or namakubi, is a poignant symbol in Japanese tattoo art, often depicted with a sword piercing it. This design is deeply symbolic, representing courage and the willingness to face one’s fate. It is a sign of respect toward a fallen enemy, acknowledging their strength or resolve in battle. The severed head serves as a powerful reminder of the inevitability of punishment for unjust actions, acting as a cautionary emblem for those who act dishonestly or recklessly. Through its depiction, the namakubi symbolizes the harsh realities of life and death, as well as the warrior’s acceptance of their destiny and the consequences of their actions.
The Meanings of Colors in Japanese Tattoo Culture
Traditional Japanese tattoos are renowned for their vivid colors, each carrying a specific, symbolic meaning drawn from ancient culture:
White: Revered as a sacred color linked to the gods, symbolizing both spiritual and physical purity. In Buddhism, white also represents death, alongside the potential for new beginnings.
Blue: Associated with the boundless seas, blue symbolizes happiness, tranquility, fidelity, stability, and female chastity. It also evokes a sense of mysticism and the unknown.
Yellow: This color has dual meanings, representing prosperity and joy. However, in certain regions of Japan, it can also symbolize deceit.
Black: Traditionally a masculine color, it symbolizes mystery and fierceness. Historically, black was associated with the samurai class.
Purple: Once a color reserved for nobility due to its expensive dye, purple symbolizes strength, nobility, and high status.
Red: A color strongly tied to celebration and joy in Japanese culture, red represents passion, happiness, vitality, and prosperity. Red has long been believed to ward off evil spirits, and in Kabuki theater, red streaks on actors’ faces signify justice.
Green: Symbolizing eternity, respect for nature, fertility, youth, and energy, green evokes a deep connection to the earth.
Where is the Best Place to Get a Japanese Style Tattoo?
In Japan, the placement of a tattoo is considered to be of great significance, with certain areas being ideal for specific designs:
Shoulder: Ideal for designs of animals or samurais, as it is a prominent and visible area.
Forearm: A perfect spot for tattoos like a dragon or samurai mask, symbolizing strength and courage.
Hand: The wrist is a great location for smaller, minimalist tattoos like a koi carp, tiger face, or dragon, signifying serious intent.
Neck: Best suited for elegant designs like chrysanthemum, peony, or lotus tattoos.
Chest: Traditionally adorned with tattoos of deep philosophical or romantic significance, as it is close to the heart.
Back: Frequently used for large, expansive designs, often covering the shoulders to the small of the back to maximize their symbolic power.
Leg: Suitable for tattoos that represent strength and vitality, helping to maintain physical health throughout life.
Japanese tattoos often require larger canvases, making full sleeves, chest, back, and abdominal tattoos common. The most expansive designs are often found on the back, depicting scenes from Japanese mythology or epics.
Japanese tattoos are also a popular choice for covering up scars, as their colorful and intricate nature can effectively conceal imperfections like stretch marks, burns, or scars.
How Do Japanese People Feel About Tattoos?
While there is no law against tattoos in Japan, they are often viewed negatively due to their historical association with the yakuza, Japan’s criminal underworld. The social stigma surrounding tattoos often leads to social exclusion or condemnation. In public spaces like onsens (hot springs), individuals with tattoos may be asked to cover them up or avoid entry altogether. Despite this, tattoo enthusiasts in Japan continue to embrace this art form, often concealing their tattoos when necessary.
Cultural Appropriation in Japanese Tattoos
The subject of cultural appropriation in relation to Japanese tattoos is a contentious issue. Some people believe that getting Japanese tattoos outside of the culture is disrespectful, as these symbols are deeply rooted in history and carry significant cultural meaning. Wearing a tattoo simply for its aesthetic value, without understanding its origins, can be seen as trivializing or disrespecting the culture.
How to Choose a Japanese Style Tattoo for Yourself?
When selecting a Japanese tattoo, it’s important to consider the following:
Meaning: Ensure the design resonates with you and aligns with the message or symbolism you want to convey.
Colors: The color palette is an essential aspect of Japanese tattoos. Take time to choose colors that enhance the meaning of the design.
Additional Elements: Elements like patterns, flowers, and creatures can shift the meaning of the tattoo. Choose these details thoughtfully to reflect your personal intentions and the message you wish to communicate.
