tea tree and rosemary oil for hair

RICE WATER FOR HAIR? DOES IT EFFECTIVE

For a long time, people have been talking about a special beauty trick that families have been sharing for years: rice water. This simple liquid, left over from cooking or soaking rice, has become really popular online. People say it can make your hair shiny, help it grow faster, and stop it from breaking. But is rice water really as amazing as everyone says, or is it just a trend that will fade away? Let’s find out the real facts by looking at the science behind its claims, getting tips on how to use it, and hearing honest opinions from people who love taking care of their hair, just like you.

RICE WATER BENEFITS

FASTER GROWING HAIR

Using rice water for hair growth is like giving your hair a nourishing treat because it’s packed with fantastic ingredients. A key component is amino acids, which act as the building blocks for proteins. Since our hair is primarily composed of the protein keratin, the amino acids in rice water can strengthen our hair, promoting faster growth.

Moreover, rice water is a treasure trove of essential vitamins like B, C, and E, acting as superheroes for our hair. Vitamin B is especially beneficial for hair growth, ensuring our hair follicles remain healthy. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, maintaining the well-being of our scalp, while vitamin E acts as a protective shield, keeping our hair nourished and safe.

But the benefits don’t stop there! Rice water also contains a special carbohydrate called inositol, a superhero carb that repairs hair damage and acts like a shield, guarding against breakage. Inositol also functions as a moisturizer, adding flexibility and preventing our hair from becoming excessively dry, which is crucial for maintaining overall hair health and strength.

DETANGLES THE HAIR

When applied to hair, rice water helps to smooth out knots and snarls, making the combing or brushing process much easier. This detangling effect not only saves time but also reduces the risk of hair breakage, leaving your hair feeling smoother and more manageable.

The magic behind rice water’s detangling prowess lies in its composition of amino acids and proteins, which work together to soften the hair and minimize friction. By incorporating rice water into your hair care routine, you can enjoy the practical advantage of tangle-free hair, all while indulging in the simplicity of this age-old beauty secret.

THICKER AND SHINIER HAIR

Experience the transformative magic of rice water for thicker and shinier hair. Enthusiasts swear by the natural benefits of rice water, claiming that it adds volume and thickness to hair strands. The amino acids and proteins present in rice water are thought to fortify each hair strand, enhancing its structural integrity and contributing to a fuller appearance. Beyond thickness, rice water is also praised for its ability to impart a dazzling shine to your locks. Rich in vitamins B, C, and E, rice water nourishes and protects the hair shaft, leaving it with a radiant luster. 

Incorporating rice water into your hair care routine might just be the key to achieving that coveted combination of thickness and shine, giving you the confidence to flaunt your radiant mane.

REVERSES HYGRAL FATIGUE

Keeping your hair moisturized is good for its health, but too much moisture can cause problems. If your hair gets too much moisture, it might experience something called hygral fatigue. This happens when your hair soaks up too much water during moisturizing, making the hair cuticle bulge and stretch. This can make your hair break easily, lose its stretchiness, and get damaged.

To fix and balance your hair, you can use rice water. The proteins in rice water are believed to help with hygral fatigue by making your hair stronger. When you add protein to your hair using rice water, it can restore balance, make your hair stronger overall, and stop more damage from happening. Adding protein treatments, like using rice water, to your hair routine is a good way to make sure your hair has the right balance of moisture and protein, helping it stay strong and flexible.

SOFTER HAIR

Rice water is famous for making hair really nice. One cool thing it does is make your hair super soft and smooth. When you use it on your hair, it makes it easier to manage, and you can feel how soft it is. The special thing about rice water is that it has good stuff like amino acids, vitamins, and inositol. These things work together to feed and hydrate your hair, making it less frizzy and improving how it feels overall.

You can use rice water by itself or mix it into hair masks. It’s like a gentle and moisturizing treatment that makes your hair softer and shinier. People love using rice water because it’s a natural and awesome way to make your hair feel really nice and easy to touch.

WHO SHOULD USE RICE WATER?

The cool thing is, rice water is good for many types of hair, whether you colored it or not. It helps fine or dull hair become stronger and shinier, and if you have curly hair, it gives it more bounce. If your hair is damaged or thinning, the inositol in rice water can help it grow and become thicker.

But here’s a tip: if your hair doesn’t soak up things easily (low porosity hair), it’s better to use a little bit of rice water. This is because the proteins might stick to your hair instead of getting inside. Not sure if your hair soaks up stuff easily? You can try a simple test to find out.

HOW TO USE RICE WATER FOR HAIR

PREPARE THE RICE WATER

Using rice water on your hair is a straightforward process that begins with preparing the rice water. Start by rinsing one cup of rice thoroughly to get rid of any impurities. Place the rinsed rice in a bowl and add two to three cups of water. Let the rice soak for 15 to 30 minutes, allowing the water to absorb the beneficial nutrients from the rice. During this time, gently swirl or knead the rice to facilitate the release of compounds.

STRAIN THE RICE WATER

Once the soaking is complete, strain the rice from the water. The liquid you have now is your homemade rice water, rich in nutrients that can benefit your hair.

RINSE OR SOAK

There are two main methods for applying rice water to your hair: rinsing and soaking. For the rinsing method, pour the rice water onto your hair after shampooing, massaging it into your scalp and strands before thoroughly rinsing. Alternatively, you can immerse your hair in a bowl of rice water for 10 to 30 minutes, allowing your hair to absorb more nutrients during the soaking process.

MASSAGE AND COMB

Regardless of the method you choose, take a moment to massage the rice water gently into your scalp. This helps distribute the nutrients and stimulates blood circulation. Use a wide-tooth comb to ensure even distribution of the rice water from the roots to the tips of your hair.

RINSE AGAIN

After massaging and combing, rinse your hair thoroughly with plain water. This step ensures that any residue is washed away, leaving your hair clean and refreshed.

ADJUST FREQUENCY

Begin by using rice water once a week and observe how your hair responds. Adjust the frequency based on your hair’s needs and your personal preferences.

OPTIONAL ADDITIONS

To enhance the experience, consider customizing your rice water treatment. Add a few drops of essential oils like lavender or rosemary for a pleasant fragrance and potential additional benefits to your hair.

HOW TO MAKE RICE WATER FOR HAIR

Here’s how to make rice water at home in an easy way:

  • Take 2 cups of rice and add 4 cups of water to it. That’s a 1:2 ratio of rice to water, and it’s important to keep this balance.
  • Put everything into a glass bottle, close it tightly, and leave it in a dark place at room temperature for 8 to 16 hours. While the rice sits, the water should turn foggy white.
  • After the rice has soaked, get an empty container (a spray bottle is a good choice for easy use) and strain the rice water into it.
  • If you have any rice water left after using it, you can keep it in the fridge for up to 5 days. But if it starts to smell funny, like sour, toss it out because it might harm your hair.

BEST RICE WATER HAIR PRODUCTS

Mielle Rice Water Hydrating Shampoo

Mielle Rice Water Hydrating Shampoo is crafted to provide nourishment and moisture to dry or thirsty hair. Enriched with the goodness of rice water, it aims to strengthen and revitalize strands, promoting overall hair health. This hydrating shampoo is designed to be a refreshing and effective choice for those looking to infuse their hair care routine with the benefits of rice water, leaving the hair feeling cleansed, revitalized, and moisturized.

Briogeo Don’t Despair Repair Rice Water Protein + Moisture Strengthening Treatment

Briogeo’s protein-infused treatment, available at $44 on sephora.com, features a rice protein complex sourced from rice water, along with proteins, ferment, and oil. This combination is designed to safeguard hair from potential damage, making it a great choice for those with dry and brittle hair seeking assistance in improving elasticity.

 WOW Skin Science Rice Water Conditioner

Packed with beneficial elements such as rice water, rice keratin, and the calming fragrance of lavender oil, the WOW Skin Science Rice Water Conditioner is specially formulated for damaged, dry, and frizzy hair, offering thorough care. The inclusion of rice water extract, known for its antioxidants, amino acids, zinc, and magnesium content, works to strengthen and add shine, while rice keratin contributes to improving hair texture. Lavender oil, rich in phytonutrients, not only stimulates the scalp but also soothes irritation, providing a rejuvenating experience for both hair and scalp. With these powerful ingredients, this conditioner leaves your hair feeling silky, easy to manage, and less prone to breakage.

Pattern Beauty Treatment Mask

Created specifically for coils and curls, this mask, available for $25 on ulta.com, provides slip, elongation, and definition to curly hair. It incorporates softening and strengthening components such as rice water ferment and moringa seed extract.

FAQ

1. How long should I leave rice water in my hair?

You can leave rice water in your hair for about 15 to 30 minutes before rinsing it out.

2. Who shouldn’t use rice water for hair?

People with low porosity hair should use rice water in moderation as the proteins may attach to the hair rather than being absorbed.

3. Does rice water stop hair loss?

Uncertain. Scientific research on its effectiveness is limited, and individual results may vary.

CONCLUSION

Nowadays, the use of natural methods is increasingly popular because of their benign nature. In addition to rice water, mention can be made of tea tree oil and rosemary oil. The use of rice water for hair has become popular, with anecdotal evidence showing various benefits such as improved shine, strength, and hair growth. While some studies suggest positive effects, more robust scientific research is needed to determine the exact effectiveness of rice water on hair. Each individual’s experience may vary, and it is essential that each individual approaches this natural treatment with awareness and consideration of his or her specific hair needs.

21 BEST HAIR LOSS SHAMPOOS TO PROMOTE GROWTH, TRIED AND TESTED

Hair loss is a common issue that can affect people of all ages. For many, it can be a source of stress and self-consciousness. If you are experiencing hair loss, there are things you can do to help slow it down or prevent it, including using hair loss prevention shampoos.. Read on as we share with you the 20 best shampoos for preventing hair loss and promoting growth.

WHAT CAUSES FEMALE HAIR LOSS?

Losing hair is a natural process, and typically, it’s nothing to be overly concerned about, an average person can lose between 50 and 100 hairs per day. For women, excessive hair loss may result from hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy or menopause, aging, nutritional deficiencies from a poor diet, stress, iron deficiency, or as a side effect of an illness or treatment. Excessive use of heating tools and years of bleaching can also contribute to hair loss, particularly around the hairline. Both factors contribute to breakage by causing hair to become dry and brittle, eventually leading to hair fallout.

CAN SHAMPOOS REALLY REGROW HAIR?

While shampoos technically can’t regrow missing patches of hair, they can create an optimal environment to promote healthy natural hair growth. Maintaining a clean and healthy scalp is crucial for achieving a fuller head of hair. Look for ingredients like caffeine and peppermint oil to enhance circulation, while proteins and keratin strengthen and add resilience to the hair. Hair loss shampoos and conditioners target common causes of hair loss, with categories such as:

  • Anti-breakage: Reinforces hair strands to prevent breakages and splitting.
  • Hair-thickening: Creates the appearance of thicker hair by adding body and lift.
  • Root- or scalp-stimulating: Clears away build-up and stimulates hair follicles for healthy growth.

21 BEST SHAMPOO HAIR LOSS

VANICREAM ZINC PYRITHIONE SHAMPOO

Zinc pyrithione in shampoo form emerges as a powerful ally in maintaining a clean and healthy scalp while effectively reducing dandruff and preventing hair loss. Renowned for its low likelihood of causing irritation, this shampoo plays a crucial role in promoting optimal scalp health. By harnessing its antifungal and antibacterial properties, zinc pyrithione actively combats dandruff, ensuring a flake-free and refreshed scalp. Importantly, its preventive measures extend to hair loss, making it a valuable component in your hair care routine. Kérastase Densifique Femme, Thickening & Volumising Shampoo, For Fine Hair, With Hyaluronic Acid, Intra-Cylane and Stemoxydinethe key ingredient in this hair care solution, operates as a potent stem cell activator. It creates a stimulating environment that awakens dormant hair follicles, encouraging them to regenerate and produce new hair. More than just preventing hair loss, Stemoxydine proactively promotes additional hair growth, providing you with a thicker and denser mane right from the roots. Its innovative action goes beyond mere protection, actively contributing to a fuller head of hair..”

PLANTUR 39 PHYTO-CAFFEINE SHAMPOO

Experience the transformative effects of the Plantur 39 Phyto-Caffeine Shampoo , a dynamic duo specifically crafted for combating hair thinning associated with menopause. The Phyto-Caffeine Complex, a unique blend of caffeine, niacin, and zinc, deeply cleanses the scalp, promoting natural hair growth. Enriched with white tea extract and wheat protein, this bundle nourishes thinning hair, providing strength and fullness for a noticeably thicker-looking mane with daily use. Tailored for hair over 40, which may have become weakened from the effects of menopause, including fine and brittle strands, the formula addresses the unique needs of this stage. 

ALICE ENGLAND LENGTHEN & STRENGTHEN SHAMPOO

Choosing your hair care routine with Avalon Organics Natural Volumizing Rosemary Shampoo, a beacon of organic excellence in hair care. This 11 oz bottle offers a gentle yet effective solution for cleansing and volumizing thin, fine hair. Crafted with a certified organic formula, the shampoo boasts plant-based botanicals and essential oils, ensuring a nourishing experience free from GMOs, parabens, harsh preservatives, synthetic colors or fragrances, and phthalates. Recognized by the Leaping Bunny Program, Avalon Organics remains committed to cruelty-free practices. The shampoo’s star ingredients, including rosemary essential oil, quinoa protein, calendula, aloe, and vitamin E, collaborate to condition and seal the hair cuticle, resulting in thick, full-bodied hair with a healthy shine. This EWG VERIFIED product is also vegan and not tested on animals. 

VATIKA BLACK SEED OIL SHAMPOO

Experience the revitalizing effects of our formula as it infuses your hair with shine, bounce, and overall health. The key ingredient, black seed, often referred to as the ‘Seed of Blessing,’ is a rich source of amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals that fortify hair strands, leaving them stronger and more radiant. Regular use of this oil promotes healthier and more manageable hair, making it an essential component in your hair care arsenal. Indulge in the moisturizing benefits of this refreshing oil, which works wonders in transforming dry and damaged strands into beautiful, healthy locks. The powerful blend revitalizes the scalp, strengthens each hair follicle, and imparts silky softness to your hair. 

TEA TREE OIL SPECIAL SHAMPOO

With a rich history spanning millennia, aloe vera stands as a timeless ingredient revered for its soothing properties, particularly in the realm of cosmetic products. When harnessed in the form of a shampoo and applied to the scalp, aloe vera proves to be a multifaceted solution for a range of hair concerns. Renowned for its ability to calm itchiness and irritation, this natural wonder not only addresses discomfort but also tackles greasiness, leaving the scalp feeling refreshed. Beyond its immediate soothing effects, aloe vera shampoo contributes to the overall health of your hair. It is known to strengthen and repair hair strands, imparting resilience and vitality to each follicle. Additionally, the application of aloe vera to the scalp has been associated with promoting hair growth, making it a valuable ally in the prevention of hair loss.

HONEYDEW ALOE VERA SHAMPOO

As a key ingredient in shampoos, aloe vera proves to be a versatile solution for addressing various hair concerns. When applied to the scalp, it becomes a soothing elixir, effectively calming itchiness and irritation, creating a refreshing sensation. The benefits of aloe vera extend beyond immediate relief. Acting as a natural cleanser, it efficiently removes greasiness, providing a clean and revitalized scalp. Moreover, aloe vera is a powerhouse for hair health. It works to strengthen and repair hair strands, promoting resilience and vitality from root to tip. As a bonus, its nourishing properties contribute to enhanced hair growth, making it a valuable component in the prevention of hair loss.

ANTI-AGING SHAMPOO

This specialized shampoo is formulated with a unique blend of protective substances designed to nurture and fortify your hair. Enriched with antioxidants, UV absorbers, conditioning agents, and essential amino acids, it offers a comprehensive defense against the daily wear and tear your hair experiences. Amino acids, in particular, are strategically included to replenish those depleted through daily activities, ensuring optimal health for your scalp and hair. While some formulations may fall short in delivering a significant and lasting impact due to low concentrations of these protective elements, quality products stand out by effectively maintaining the overall health of your scalp and hair.

L’ORÉAL PROFESSIONNEL SERIE EXPERT PRO LONGER SHAMPOO

Voted as the best for its luxurious lather and texture, this shampoo delivers a refreshing, squeaky clean feeling to your scalp.The advanced formula of this shampoo goes beyond the surface, with the majority of our panel noticing a reduction in hair loss by the end of the trial. Users reported that their hair felt stronger, indicating a potential solution for those seeking to prevent hair loss. With its refreshing and volumizing properties, L’Oreal Professionnel Pro Longer Thickening Shampoo offers a comprehensive approach to hair care, leaving your scalp revitalized and your hair stronger.

 PANTENE PRO-V MIRACLES GROW STRONG SHAMPOO

The resilience of your hair with our hardworking formula, enriched with a potent blend of Pro-V nutrients and antioxidants. This powerful combination not only strengthens your hair but also ensures it is free of impurities, promoting overall hair health. Our long-lasting formula gently cleanses and conditions with a vitamin-rich blend, providing 2x more nutrients than standard formulas. The results are impressive, lasting for 72+ hours, giving you continuous nourishment and protection. Nourish your strands with every wash, creating a shield against breakage and supporting healthy growth. Our root-to-tip nourishment is designed to fortify your hair, preventing breakage and fostering strength over time. 

NANOGEN THICKENING LUXE SHAMPOO

Nanogen’s 7-IN-1 Shampoo boasts a powerful hydrating formula that offers a multitude of benefits, ensuring your hair and scalp remain in optimal condition for the pursuit of thick, healthy hair. This innovative shampoo takes a multitargeted approach to hair thickening for women, simplifying the process into one comprehensive step. The benefits of this remarkable formula include cleansing, thickening, moisturizing, strengthening, protecting from pollution, balancing your scalp, and optimizing for fibers.

L’ORÉAL PROFESSIONNEL SERIOXYL CLARIFYING & DENSIFYING SHAMPOO

 The transformation of your hair with this remarkable shampoo designed for colored hair, hair loss and specifically targeting thin or fine strands. With a generous quantity of 250 ml, this shampoo promises beautiful hair that appears thicker and denser, providing a fuller and voluminous feel. Not only does it enhance the aesthetic of your hair, but it also offers a healthy appearance, hydrating your colored locks. The treatment option is tailored for thin hair types, aiming to encourage volume and clarify the scalp. While the promises may sound too good to be true, the lab results speak for themselves, showcasing impressive improvements in hair density and thickness, leaving our panel’s hair visibly fuller.

VIRTUE FLOURISH SHAMPOO 

While not the most budget-friendly option (leave that to Pantene), Virtue Flourish Shampoo offers a luxurious dose of keratin proteins to breathe life into tired strands. The abundance of keratin works to revitalize the hair, providing nearly all testers with a noticeable reduction in breakages, resulting in hair that looks and feels thicker and fuller. Beyond addressing breakages, this shampoo delivers a trifecta of benefits by boosting shine, taming frizz, and enhancing overall smoothness. Virtue Flourish Shampoo goes beyond the basic cleansing routine, offering a premium solution to combat hair loss and promote voluminous, resilient strands. While it may not be the most economical choice, the infusion of keratin proteins makes it a standout option for those seeking to prevent hair loss and achieve thicker, fuller, and more radiant hair.

HEAD & SHOULDERS SUPREME STRENGTH SHAMPOO 

 The revitalizing effects of our Hair and Scalp Shampoo and Conditioner enriched with the nourishing properties of argan and avocado oil. Specifically designed for scalp use, this dynamic duo is also an anti-dandruff solution, ensuring a comprehensive approach to hair and scalp care. The pH-balanced formula, infused with antioxidants, guarantees a nurturing and moisturizing experience for your hair from roots to tips. This powerful combination not only addresses flaking problems but also works to strengthen fragile strands. The argan oil-rich blend facilitates easier detangling of knots, leaving your hair softer to the touch. Our panel of testers enjoyed the fresh and clean feel provided by this duo, with many reporting some regrowth during the trial period.

UMBERTO GIANNINI GROW LONG ROOT STIMULATING SHAMPOO

The rejuvenating benefits of  Root Stimulating Shampoo, where a healthy scalp is the foundation for robust and hard-working roots. Our anti-pollution formula not only cleanses but removes build-up, optimizing your hair’s absorption of growth-promoting active ingredients. Powered by the Caffeine-Gro Complex, an exclusive blend by Umberto Giannini, this unique proprietary formula contains Caffeine and Black Coffee Seed Extract to stimulate circulation, Organic Pea Sprout Extract for accelerated hair growth and prolonged hair lifecycle, and Seaweed and Marine Nutrients to support overall hair health. 

BUMBLE AND BUMBLE FULL POTENTIAL SHAMPOO

Introducing Bumble and Bumble Full Potential Shampoo, a salon favorite that goes beyond mere cleansing to deliver fuller and stronger hair with reduced breakage. With an item display weight of 8.5 ounces and a volume of 250.0 milliliters, this shampoo is a compact yet powerful solution for your hair care needs. Apart from its other benefits, a good shampoo must effectively lift built-up dirt and grime to leave your hair feeling clean, and this product excels at just that. Our testers were pleased with its fresh scent and admired how thoroughly it cleansed their scalps. While only a few noticed new hair growth, the majority experienced fewer strands in their hairbrush, and breakages were noticeably reduced.

REDKEN EXTREME SHAMPOO

Introducing our Hair Strengthening Shampoo , a powerful combination designed to cleanse, strengthen, and fortify weakened areas of your hair. Shampoo repair damaged hair while preserving its natural shine. The hair strengthening conditioner provides an extra layer of protection, ensuring your hair not only regains its shine but also becomes supple and shiny. Even the most stressed and damaged hair will be transformed into soft, smooth strands that are more manageable, making combing through even the toughest tangles a breeze.

AVEDA BOTANICAL REPAIR STRENGTHENING SHAMPOO

Discover the excellence of Aveda, a certified vegan offering that emerged as a top performer in our lab tests. Notably, it excelled in detangling knots and proved effective in limiting hair breakages and fallout. Testers reported added strength and enhanced health to their strands, with some noticing a significant difference after just a single wash. Beyond its detangling prowess, this product leaves hair more hydrated, providing a nourishing boost that contributes to overall hair health. Additionally, irritated scalps found comfort and relief, making it a soothing solution for all.

ABSOLUTE COLLAGEN THICKENING COLLAGEN COMPLEX SHAMPOO

 

Experience the innovation of the UK’s first-ever collagen complex formula shampoo – Absolute Collagen Complex Shampoo. Developed in collaboration with leading UK hair experts and scientists, this groundbreaking shampoo is designed to tackle fine, thin hair right from the root! Powered by groundbreaking collagen technology, the Absolute Collagen thickening shampoo features a unique collagen complex formula. Soluble collagen wraps the hair cuticle in a protective layer, deeply cleansing and providing shine and gloss. Collagen amino acids penetrate the cortex of the hair, adding volume and thickness from within.

L’OREAL ELVIVE FULL RESIST FRAGILE HAIR SHAMPOO

Introducing the powerful solution for stronger, resilient hair – L’Oréal Paris Elsève Full Resist Shampoo. Enriched with a formula that includes essential hair supplements such as biotin, vitamin B5, and arginine, this shampoo nourishes the scalp and strengthens the lengths of your hair. The non-recognizable tinted gel boasts a liquid and transparent texture, instantly providing a natural, flawless look that lasts all day. 

DR. BARBARA STURM ANTI HAIR-FALL SHAMPOO

Dr. Barbara Sturm Anti Hair-Fall Shampoo -a premium product while bearing a high-end price tag, has proven its excellence in our lab tests. Notably, it excels in improving thickness and density, delivering visible results that set it apart. Testers were captivated by its luxurious gel-like texture, creamy lather, and delightful scent, elevating their shower routine to a pampering session. This premium shampoo is not just a lavish treat; it actively contributes to preventing hair loss. The impressive results in enhancing thickness and density make it a worthwhile investment for those seeking a top-tier solution for their hair care needs.

THE HAIR BOSS BY LISA SHEPHERD OVERWORKED SHAMPOO

Pamper your dry and damaged hair with The Overworked Hair Shampoo by Lisa Shepherd, a nourishing hair product designed to hydrate, prevent breakage, and restore softness. Crafted with salon-quality standards, this shampoo is tailored specifically for coarse, bleached, colored, and heat-damaged hair types. The delicate cream formula gently removes dirt and build-up from the hair, providing a thorough cleanse. Vegan and cruelty-free, The Overworked Shampoo aligns with ethical standards in hair care.

CONCLUSION

Caring for your hair and choosing the right shampoo can play a crucial role in preventing hair loss. For those facing hair loss issues, consider the best shampoos for hair loss mentioned in the article. Each product serves not only to prevent hair loss but also to stimulate hair growth. Hopefully, you will find a product that suits your scalp and is within your budget for effective use.