EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS FOR ELIMINATING BROWN SPOTS

If you’re eager to eliminate those stubborn brown spots, the good news is that there are various solutions available. While brown spots are typically benign and pose no health risks, it’s crucial to monitor any that change in color, size, or texture and to visit your dermatologist regularly. Although treatment for benign spots isn’t necessary, their removal or fading can be both cosmetically and psychologically rewarding. After all, who wouldn’t want a clearer, more even skin tone?

What should I know about spots?

Brown spots, also known as age spots, liver spots, solar lentigines, or sun spots, are flat, oval areas of increased pigmentation that vary in size. Typically gray, tan, brown, or black, these spots appear on areas of the skin that have received the most sun exposure over the years, such as the face, backs of hands, tops of feet, forearms, shoulders, and upper back. They can affect anyone, regardless of sex or race; however, brown spots are more common in individuals with fair skin, a history of frequent sun exposure, regular tanning bed use, and those over 40 years of age.

What causes spots?

Brown spots are caused by overactive pigment cells known as melanocytes. Ultraviolet (UV) light accelerates the production of melanin, the skin pigment responsible for a tan or darker skin. After years of UV exposure, melanin can clump together or be produced in high concentrations, leading to the appearance of brown spots.

There are three main types of benign skin pigmentation resulting from overactive melanocytes: freckles, solar lentigines, and melasma.

FRECKLES

Freckles can be seen as a genetic gift from Mother Nature. These small, flat spots range in color from pale to dark brown and result from an overproduction of melanin in response to UV light exposure. Typically, real freckles are found on younger skin, especially in children, and are most common among individuals with red hair and fair skin that burns easily. They tend to be more noticeable in sun-exposed areas during the summer months and often fade during the winter season.

SOLAR LENTIGINES

Solar lentigines, commonly known as age spots, are dark patches that develop from prolonged sun exposure and are generally harmless. These flat, actinic keratosis lesions can appear yellowish, gray, or light brown, with clearly defined edges. Some may have a dry or slightly scaly texture. Unlike freckles, which are smaller and more diffuse, lentigines are larger and more distinct, typically found on areas such as the face, hands, and chest, accumulating over time due to sun exposure. Unlike freckles, they do not fade in winter and can occur anywhere on the body; they are usually benign.

On the other hand, actinic keratosis represents another form of sun damage that may have the potential to become cancerous. These spots are flat or slightly raised, reddish-brown, and have a more abrasive appearance, often with a scaly surface. Surprisingly, nearly 60 million Americans are affected by this type of sun damage to their skin.

A Woods Lamp (black light) evaluation allows us to detect cumulative skin damage before it becomes visible to the naked eye. It can be eye-opening to observe the extent of sun damage that has already occurred. Since there is always a chance that new lesions may develop in the future, the best preventive measures include avoiding sun exposure, using a broad-spectrum high-SPF sunscreen, and wearing protective clothing and hats.

MELASMA

If you have a Mediterranean-type olive complexion or are of Latin, Asian, or Middle Eastern descent, you are more likely to develop melasma. This condition manifests as large dark patches of pigmentation caused by overactive melanocytes, often appearing as mask-like areas on the cheeks, temples, above the upper lip, and/or forehead. Melasma is believed to be influenced by excessive or repeated sun exposure, as well as hormonal changes. It can develop during the use of birth control pills, hormone replacement therapy, or pregnancy, which is why it is sometimes referred to as a “pregnancy mask.” While melasma may be visually unappealing, it is not dangerous and does not cause any physical discomfort.

Another type of brown spot is known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), which occurs as a result of skin injury. PIH is more common in individuals with darker skin tones and appears as patches triggered by inflammation from conditions such as acne, eczema, or trauma. After the initial condition resolves, dark spots may remain, and their fading over time can vary from person to person.

Words of caution and when you should see a doctor

Another type of brown spot is known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), which occurs as a result of injury to the skin. PIH is more prevalent among individuals with darker skin tones and manifests as patches triggered by inflammation from conditions such as acne, eczema, or trauma. After the initial skin condition resolves, dark spots may remain, and their tendency to fade over time can vary from person to person.

What spots can be treated? 

Brown spots, including liver spots, freckles, solar lentigines, and other benign pigmented lesions that develop after years of sun exposure, can be removed or faded from almost any area of your body. Conditions such as melasma, sun-related brown spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation can also be effectively treated. However, actinic keratoses and any abnormal-looking lesions should be evaluated and treated by a physician.

Types of spot treatments

Since the pigment is located at the base of the epidermis—the outermost layer of skin—any treatments aimed at lightening brown spots must penetrate this layer effectively.

Medications and prescription lightening creams containing hydroquinone or kojic acid (pigment-bleaching agents) can be used alone or in combination with retinoids (like tretinoin) and mild steroids to gradually fade spots over several months. However, these treatments may cause temporary side effects, including itching, redness, burning, or dryness. It’s essential to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 during treatment.

FotoFacial or IPL (Intense Pulsed Light) treatments emit a range of light waves that pass through the skin to target and destroy melanin, breaking up the spots without damaging the skin’s surface. Typically, two to three sessions are required, and after treatment, spots may appear like coffee ground speckles that flake off and gradually fade over several weeks or months. It’s crucial to avoid sun exposure for at least four weeks before treatment and to use sun protection liberally afterward to ensure optimal results.

Cryotherapy, or freezing, destroys the excess pigment by applying liquid nitrogen or another freezing agent to the spots. This treatment is quick but can be painful, and afterward, there may be some discomfort, blistering, or temporary redness and swelling. As the area heals, the skin may appear lighter. Cryotherapy is generally used for single brown spots or small groupings, but it carries a slight risk of permanent darkening of a spot (PIH), lightening of surrounding skin, or scarring.

Chemical peels involve applying an acid that removes the outer layer of skin to allow new skin to grow in its place. Several treatments may be necessary before seeing results, and strong sun protection is advised following the procedure. Temporary redness is common, with a slight risk of permanent changes in skin color.

Microdermabrasion is a less aggressive option that smooths the outer layers of skin using inert crystals to exfoliate. This treatment requires multiple sessions over several months to achieve desired results and is not recommended for those with rosacea or small red veins on the face. After microdermabrasion, mild redness may appear but typically resolves within a few hours, with flaky skin for three to four days. It can be effective, especially when combined with chemical peels.

Non-ablative laser spot removals destroy melanocytes without harming the skin’s surface. At YouBaby Skin Spa, we use a picosecond laser and PICO Genesis Spot treatments, which deliver light deep into the skin at a trillionth of a second. This breaks up melanocytes, allowing them to be eliminated by the body’s lymphatic system. The treated area may darken, resemble bruising, or form a crust for a few days, but fades over the following weeks, improving both the spots and the skin’s texture. Several treatments are recommended to build upon the results of previous sessions as the skin regenerates collagen and absorbs the debris.

Ablative laser resurfacing is a more aggressive treatment that removes sun-damaged cells to refresh the skin and fade spots. This method removes the outermost layer of skin, allowing new skin to grow back, but requires considerable recovery time and healing. One or two treatments can effectively address age spots quickly.

Prevention

To help prevent the reappearance of brown spots and the formation of new ones after treatment, follow these tips to limit your sun exposure:

  1. Avoid the Sun Between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.
    The sun’s rays are most intense during this time, so try to schedule outdoor activities for earlier or later in the day.
  2. Use Sunscreen.
    Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen that protects against both UVA and UVB rays 15 to 30 minutes before going outdoors. Choose a sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30. Be sure to apply it generously and reapply every two hours, or more frequently if swimming or sweating.
  3. Cover Up.
    Wear tightly woven clothing that covers your arms and legs, along with a broad-brimmed hat, which offers better protection than a baseball cap or golf visor. Consider clothing specifically designed for sun protection, labeled with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of 40 to 50 for optimal safety.
  4. Never Use Tanning Beds.
    Avoid tanning beds, as they can contribute to skin damage and increase the risk of developing new brown spots.

CONCLUSION

Spot removal is not a new concept, and the type of treatment varies, offering different outcomes. In some cases, spots may never be completely eliminated but can fade significantly, becoming much lighter. Proper home care is essential after any removal treatment to maximize your results. Alongside sunscreen, common aftercare typically includes a tyrosinase inhibitor (which targets the enzyme responsible for melanin formation) and a lightening agent.

We design an individualized program tailored to your skin type, the specific spots you have, and the treatment administered. Share your goals with us, and we will guide you to the appropriate treatment options.

CROCHET FLAMINGO PATTERN

Looking for a fun and colorful crochet project? This free crochet flamingo pattern is the perfect choice! With its vibrant pink hues and elegant curves, this adorable bird will be a delightful addition to your home or a thoughtful gift for a loved one. In this guide, you’ll find detailed instructions and helpful tips to guide you through the creation of your very own crochet flamingo. So, grab your yarn and hook and let’s get started!

MATERIALS 

  • Size 4 worsted weight yarn (125g of pink; small amount of white, grey, and beige)
  • 3.5 mm crochet hook 12mm safety eyes
  • Black crochet/embroidery thread for eyelashes (optional)
  • Scissors
  • Tapestry needle 
  • Stuffing
  • Stitch markers

NOTES 

  • Stuff the body gradually as you crochet, ensuring it’s firm but not overly stretched. I suggest stuffing the body before moving on to the neck.
  • You’ll be working in the round, and I recommend using a stitch marker at the start of each round.
  • The body and head will be created as a single piece. For stability, use tight stitches and firm stuffing to prevent a wobbly neck.

Abbreviations – US terminology

  • MC- Magic circle
  • SC- Single crochet
  • SC INC- Single crochet increase
  • INV DEC- Invisible decrease
  • St(s)- Stitch(es)
  • Sl st – Slip stitch

HOW TO MAKE CROCHET FLAMINGO PATTERN

BEAK

Color: Grey

  • Round 1: Create a magic circle and work 6 single crochets (SC).
  • Round 2: Increase in each stitch (SC INC) for a total of 12 stitches.
  • Round 3: SC around (12 stitches).
  • Round 4: SC in the first stitch, SC INC in the next; repeat around (18 stitches).
  • Rounds 5-7: SC around (18 stitches).
  • Change to white.
  • Rounds 8-9: SC around (18 stitches).
  • Fasten off, leaving a long tail for sewing onto the head.

BODY

Color: Pink

  • Round 1: Create a magic circle and work 6 SC.
  • Round 2: SC INC in each stitch (12 stitches).
  • Round 3: SC in the first stitch, SC INC in the next; repeat around (18 stitches).
  • Round 4: SC in the first 2 stitches, SC INC in the next; repeat around (24 stitches).
  • Round 5: SC in the first 3 stitches, SC INC in the next; repeat around (30 stitches).
  • Round 6: SC in the first 4 stitches, SC INC in the next; repeat around (36 stitches).
  • Round 7: SC in the first 5 stitches, SC INC in the next; repeat around (42 stitches).
  • Round 8: SC in the first 6 stitches, SC INC in the next; repeat around (48 stitches).
  • Rounds 9-15: SC around (48 stitches).
  • Round 16: SC in the first 6 stitches, then work an invisible decrease (INV DEC) in the next; repeat around (42 stitches).
  • Rounds 17-18: SC around (42 stitches).
  • Round 19: SC in the first 5 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (36 stitches).
  • Rounds 20-21: SC around (36 stitches).
  • Round 22: SC in the first 4 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (30 stitches).
  • Rounds 23-24: SC around (30 stitches).
  • Round 25: SC in the first 3 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (24 stitches).
  • Rounds 26-27: SC around (24 stitches).
  • Round 28: SC in the first 2 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (18 stitches).
  • Rounds 29-36: SC around (18 stitches).

START OF HEAD

  • Round 37: SC in the first 2 stitches, then SC INC in the next; repeat around (24 stitches).
  • Round 38: SC in the first 3 stitches, then SC INC in the next; repeat around (30 stitches).
  • Round 39: SC in the first 4 stitches, then SC INC in the next; repeat around (36 stitches).
  • Round 40: SC in the first 5 stitches, then SC INC in the next; repeat around (42 stitches).
  • Round 41: SC in the first 6 stitches, then SC INC in the next; repeat around (48 stitches).
  • Round 42: SC in the first 7 stitches, then SC INC in the next; repeat around (54 stitches).
  • Rounds 43-50: SC around (54 stitches).

NOTE: Now it’s time to attach the facial features. Place the safety eyes 7 stitches apart between rounds 47 and 48. (For a girl version, consider sewing on the eyelashes before securing the safety eyes).

  • Beak: Sew the beak centered between the eyes, adding a small amount of stuffing.
  • Cheeks: Using your tapestry needle and yarn for the cheeks, pass through one stitch on either side of the beak, just under the eyes.

NECK

(Ensure you stuff the neck and shoulders firmly as you go to maintain a sturdy structure.)

  • Round 51: SC in the first 7 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (48 stitches).
  • Round 52: SC in the first 6 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (42 stitches).
  • Round 53: SC in the first 5 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (36 stitches).
  • Round 54: SC in the first 4 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (30 stitches).
  • Round 55: SC in the first 3 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (24 stitches).
  • Round 56: SC in the first 2 stitches, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (18 stitches).
  • Round 57: SC in the first stitch, then INV DEC in the next; repeat around (12 stitches).
  • Round 58: INV DEC around (6 stitches).

Fasten off and sew the remaining opening closed. Weave in your ends.

TAIL

Color: Pink

  • Round 1: Create a magic circle with 6 SC.
  • Round 2: Work SC INC in each stitch (12 stitches).
  • Rounds 3-4: SC around (12 stitches).
  • Round 5: SC in the first stitch, then SC INC in the next; repeat around (18 stitches).
  • Round 6: SC around (18 stitches).
  • Round 7: SC in the first 6 stitches, then SC INC in the next 6 stitches, and SC in the last 6 stitches (24 stitches).
  • Round 8: SC around (24 stitches).
  • Round 9: SC in the first 6 stitches, then SC INC in the next 3 stitches; repeat from * one more time, then SC in each of the last 6 stitches (30 stitches).
  • Round 10: SC around (30 stitches).
  • Round 11: SC in the first 6 stitches, then SC INC in the next 3 stitches, SC in the next 12 stitches, SC INC in the next 3 stitches, and SC in the last 6 stitches (36 stitches).
  • Round 12: SC around (36 stitches).
  • Round 13: SC in the first 15 stitches, then SC INC in the next 6 stitches, and SC in the last 15 stitches (42 stitches).

Fasten off, leaving a long tail for sewing.

WINGS

Make 2 (I left the wings unstuffed).

Each wing consists of two “feathers” that will be joined together.

Small Feather

Color: White

  • Round 1: Create a magic circle with 6 SC.
  • Round 2: Work SC INC in each stitch around (12 stitches).
  • Round 3: SC around (12 stitches).
  • Change to pink.
  • Round 4: SC around (12 stitches).

Fasten off.

Large Feather

Color: White

  • Round 1: Create a magic circle with 6 SC.
  • Round 2: Work SC INC in each stitch around (12 stitches).
  • Rounds 3-4: SC around (12 stitches).
  • Change to pink.
  • Round 5: SC around (12 stitches).

Do not fasten off. This is where we will join the feathers and continue working on the wing.

  • Round 6: Attach to the first feather with 1 SC. SC around the first feather, then continue SC around the second feather (24 stitches). This completes your join and establishes the starting point for the next round.
  • Rounds 7-10: SC around (24 stitches).

Fasten off, leaving a long tail for sewing onto the body.

LEGS

Make 2, stuffing as you go.

Color: Beige

  • Round 1: Create a magic circle with 6 SC.
  • Round 2: Work SC INC in each stitch (12 stitches).
  • Round 3: SC in the first stitch, SC INC in the next; repeat around (18 stitches).
  • Round 4: SC in the first 2 stitches, SC INC in the next; repeat around (24 stitches).
  • Round 5: SC in the first 3 stitches, SC INC in the next; repeat around (30 stitches).
  • Rounds 6-7: SC around (30 stitches).
  • Round 8: SC in the first 3 stitches, INV DEC in the next; repeat around (24 stitches).
  • Round 9: SC in the first 2 stitches, INV DEC in the next; repeat around (18 stitches).
  • Round 10: SC in the first stitch, INV DEC in the next; repeat around (12 stitches).
  • Rounds 11-20: SC around (12 stitches).
  • Round 21: SC in the first stitch, SC INC in the next; repeat around (18 stitches).
  • Round 22: SC in the first 2 stitches, SC INC in the next; repeat around (24 stitches).
  • Round 23: SC around (24 stitches).
  • Round 24: SC in the first 2 stitches, INV DEC in the next; repeat around (18 stitches).
  • Round 25: SC in the first stitch, INV DEC in the next; repeat around (12 stitches).
  • Rounds 26-34: SC around (12 stitches).

Fasten off, leaving a long tail for sewing.

ASSEMBLY

  • Attach the Wings: Sew the wings onto the body, positioning the top of each wing at round 26 and the bottom at round 15.
  • Attach the Tail: Center the tail on the back of the body, sewing it in place while adding stuffing as needed.
  • Attach the Legs: Sew the legs onto the bottom of the flamingo, centering them between rounds 2 and 5.

CONCLUSION

Congratulations on Completing Your Flamingo! We hope you had a wonderful time bringing this pattern to life. Don’t forget to share your finished creation with us in the group—we can’t wait to see how your flamingo turned out!