16 BEST VITAMIN C BODY LOTIONS FOR SKIN PROTECTION

You’re probably aware that vitamin C is a crucial component of your skincare routine, but I’d like to let you in on a secret: you should also apply vitamin C to your body. It is an all-around excellent skincare ingredient and probably the most well-studied of all antioxidants in skincare, which is significant because we know it penetrates the skin well and promotes collagen production, lightens hyperpigmentation, and neutralizes free radicals, thereby protecting against DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species.

When selecting a vitamin C-enriched body lotion, look for one that includes nutritious elements such as shea butter and ceramides. We’ve compiled a list of the best body moisturizers with vitamin C. 

BEAUTY PIE Vitamin C Bio-Vitamin Brightening Body Lotion

With a combination of vitamin C, brown algae extract, and omega fatty acids, the Superdose Vitamin C Bio-Vitamin Brightening Body Lotion fights off damaged cells and gives our skin’s microbiome a healthy boost. The name says it all: this Beauty Pie moisturizer is a supercharged skin treatment that is not recommended for persons with sensitive skin or psoriasis. The manufacturer recommends using it daily for brightening, firming, and rejuvenating effects, or twice to three times each week to help prevent symptoms of aging. 

NIVEA Nourishing Skin Firming Body Lotion

NIVEA’s soothing skin-firming body lotion, which contains two antioxidants, Q10, and Vitamin C, ranks first. Suitable for dry to very dry skin, this vitamin C-infused body lotion will leave you with smoother, firmer skin in only two weeks. This lightweight body lotion increases skin suppleness, allowing it to retain moisture while also revitalizing it. The creamy composition deeply hydrates and nourishes your skin for up to 48 hours. The lotion is absorbed into your body and fights free radicals, minimizing the appearance of aging. However, it is not fragrance-free, which may cause discomfort to some people.

Gold Bond Ultimate Restoring Lotion

The Gold Bond Ultimate Restoring Lotion is specifically designed to revitalize dry, thin, inelastic, aging, dull, and damaged skin. It noticeably enhances the skin by making it moisturized, smooth, supple, radiant, and clear, according to the reviewers. This lotion contains natural components such as green tea, shea butter, jojoba esters, orange and lemon extracts, and skin-nourishing elements. Ceramides fortify the skin, while CoQ10 increases skin firmness. This lotion also contains an improved lipid blend, which improves skin clarity and radiance. It hydrates the skin for 24 hours and promotes beautiful skin. 

However, if you have sensitive skin, you should reconsider this because it contains parabens, silicone, and scents.

AloeMoist Organics Full Body Cream

The AloeMoist Organics Full Body Cream has 30 organic ingredients, including vitamins C, minerals, amino acids, natural oils, active botanicals, and antioxidants. These nutrients nourish the skin by promoting cellular renewal, collagen formation, and overall skin health. Antioxidants defend the skin against premature aging and environmental damage. The creamy, silky texture penetrates deep into the layers of skin, rejuvenating it from the inside. It heals dry, scaly, and irritated skin, removes stretch marks, and soothes sunburn. The lightweight composition treats acne evens out skin tone and reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. 

Gold Bond Men’s Essentials Daily Body & Hand Lotion

Gold Bond’s Essential Daily lotion is designed specifically to moisturize men’s rough, dry skin and contains 7 moisturizers and 3 vitamins. Moisture and oil are essential for maintaining healthy skin; without them, the skin becomes dry and tight. A regular skincare routine that includes washing and moisturizing hydrates and replenishes men’s dry skin. Vitamin C helps the skin protect itself against external environmental damage. Use this daily moisturizing lotion to achieve dramatically smoother and softer skin. This body lotion has been dermatologically tested so it is completely of high quality. 

St Ives Fresh Hydration Lotion

St.Ives Fresh Hydration Lotion hydrates and refreshes the skin. It contains 100% natural moisturizers such as glycerin and shea butter. The reviewers observed that this lightweight, fast-absorbing lotion strengthens and invigorates the skin. It contains grapefruit extract and vitamin C, which help to cleanse and nourish the skin. Grapefruit extract detoxifies the skin, whereas vitamin C brightens and evens the skin tone. Shea butter contains vitamins A, E, and F, as well as fatty acids that deeply nourish, leaving you with a luxurious feel and better skin. Glycerin increases skin quality, making it soft and supple.

Vaseline Radiant X Even Tone Nourishing Body Lotion

Vaseline’s recently launched Radiant X range was developed in collaboration with dermatologists and is made with niacinamide, coconut oil, vitamin C, peptides, and lipids to benefit darker skin tones. It has been clinically proven to significantly eliminate dark spots and even skin tone in just 14 days while also providing 72 hours of moisture. Customers are all impressed by the evident improvement in skin texture and tone after only a few weeks of use, thanks to niacinamide. 

Medix 5.5 Cream Face Lotion & Body Lotion

Applying the Medix face and body lotion allows you to reap the benefits of turmeric, ferulic acid, and vitamin C. This body moisturizer addresses aging, dark spots, sun damage, and uneven skin tone. Turmeric improves skin tone, while ferulic acid protects against sun damage. This lightweight lotion filled with shea butter, aloe vera, vitamin E, glycerin, and ginger promotes luminous, even-toned skin. Shea butter moisturizer prevents moisture loss, while aloe vera soothes and hydrates. Vitamin E protects against free radicals and UV damage.

Beauty Without Cruelty Hand And Body Lotion

The Beauty without Cruelty Hand and Body Lotion contains vitamin C and CoQ10 to help protect and nourish the skin. The skin moisturizer also includes essential oils, natural emollients, and humectants. The essential oils nourish, balance, and tone your skin. Emollients and humectants help to hydrate, protect, and soothe the skin. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that protects the skin from aging, sun exposure, and environmental stresses. CoQ10 makes the skin firmer and smoother. According to the reviews, this lotion is especially beneficial to drier skin types because it moisturizes, heals, and protects the skin, leaving it youthful, radiant, and smooth.

IMAGE Skincare VITAL C Hydrating Hand and Body Lotion

This ultra-hydrating body lotion is part of IMAGE’s best-selling VITAL C range. It contains various forms of vitamin C to make skin brighter and more luminous, as well as shea butter, macadamia oil, and grapeseed oil for smoother, more glowing skin. The aroma is a light, invigorating citrus that’s perfect for starting the morning. It also absorbs well, leaving your skin well-hydrated. It effectively repairs dry, damaged skin and contains all of the same anti-aging benefits as the rest of the line.

Mario Badescu Hydro Moisturizer with Vitamin C

Mario Badescu Hydro Moisturizer packed with Vitamin C promotes vibrant, balanced skin. This lightweight face cream is designed specifically for mixed and sensitive skin, providing a refreshing blast of hydration. It is infused with Vitamin C, which revitalizes your complexion, leaving it radiant and smooth. This non-greasy product easily absorbs, producing a smooth, even skin tone without discomfort. Experience the confluence of science and nature, giving your skin the attention it requires. Elevate your skincare routine with this soft yet efficient moisturizer that will reveal your natural radiance.

Made From Earth Creme Therapy

The Made From Earth Creme Therapy is an organic face and body moisturizer formulated with organic aloe vera, coconut, cocoa, avocado, and jojoba oils. These natural and gentle substances relieve itching, eczema, and dermatitis while also repairing dry skin. This moisturizer includes anti-aging compounds like vitamins A, B, C, and E. This skin healing lotion spreads quickly and enters the skin, moisturizing it. It is a 100% natural, 92% organic moisturizer that promotes skin health. It has been dermatologically tested and chemical-free, which is ideal for those who have sensitive skin. 

AmLactin Daily Vitamin C Exfoliating & Hydrating Lotion

AmLactin is the most popular dermatologist-recommended moisturizer containing lactic acid. It has created a name for itself by outperforming bumps such as keratosis pilaris. This solution contains lactic acid to exfoliate dead skin and improve cell turnover, as well as vitamin C to promote radiance, evenness, and brightness. This lotion feels like a piece of silk and leaves your skin gleaming. When you apply this to your skin, it instantly moisturizes and gives it a healthy, non-greasy sheen.

Natura Bissé C+C Vitamin Summer Lotion

Natura Bisse C+C Vitamin Summer Lotion refreshes and revitalizes the skin. If you enjoy outdoor activities, you cannot live without this refreshing lotion. This composition was designed to help heal skin after sun exposure, but it works well all year. It can be applied to both the body and the face, allowing you to cover yourself from head to toe. The combination of vitamins C and E, bitter orange extract, aloe vera, and a pro-melanin complex repairs, protects, soothes, and hydrates skin while also helping to keep it tan.

Dr Teal’s Glow & Radiance Body Lotion

Dr. Teal’s Glow and Radiance body lotion contains pure Epsom salt, aloe vera, shea butter, cocoa butter, and vitamin E, which work together with Vitamin C to give your skin a radiant glow, a brighter and more even skin tone—the effects of Vitamin C result in a smooth, silky soft skin with a youthful appearance. Epsom salt softens rough, dry skin by gently exfoliating and removing dead skin cells. Enriched with important vitamins, the combination of aloe vera, shea butter, cocoa butter, and vitamin E completely soothes, hydrates, and moisturizes the skin, forming a protective barrier to retain moisture and prevent skin damage.

The Body Shop Vitamin C Glow-Protect Lotion SPF 30

This product provides two benefits in one: it contains vitamin C and protects the skin with SPF30. It is the only body lotion with SPF30 on this list. The Body Shop Vitamin C Glow-Protect Lotion enhances your skin’s natural brilliance while protecting it from the sun with an SPF30 moisturizer. It is perfect for daily usage as it hydrates and protects the skin, leaving it radiant. The lotion is heavy, but it does not leave the skin feeling greasy.

Conclusion

Vitamin C body creams have proven to be a game changer for many people. Their potent mixture significantly removed dark spots, improved skin tone, and gave you a beautiful and young appearance. As word spread about their astounding outcomes, demand for the lotion increased quickly, making it a highly sought-after product on the market. Their success transformed the skincare industry, giving customers a consistent solution for healthier, more vibrant skin.

The 16 best hair growth oils, Tested by Experts

Everyone wishes to have healthy, soft, and shiny hair. However, our hair is not always as beautiful as we desire. Sometimes, hair can get tangled, broken, or lose its shape. We should change the way we take care of our hair every day to have long, smooth, and beautiful hair. That’s why the demand for hair care products is increasing. To keep your hair soft and smooth, it is important to use conditioner along with washing and rinsing your hair, as well as using a hair conditioner for hair growth. If you want to learn more about hair care products, check out our list of the 16 best hair growth oils that will make your hair look gorgeous. Keep scrolling.

The Benefits of hair growth oil 

Using hair growth oils can offer various benefits for maintaining healthy and vibrant hair. These oils are rich in essential nutrients and vitamins that nourish the scalp and hair follicles, promoting stronger and shinier locks. Additionally, many hair growth oils have moisturizing properties, preventing dryness and reducing the risk of split ends.

Some oils also possess anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, which can contribute to a healthier scalp environment and may aid in preventing issues like dandruff. Regular application of these oils can improve blood circulation to the scalp, stimulating hair growth and reducing hair loss. With their natural conditioning abilities, hair growth oils provide an effective and holistic approach to achieving and maintaining luscious, resilient hair.

16 Best Hair Growth Oils Recommended By Expert

Mielle Organics Rosemary Mint Scalp & Hair Strengthening Oil

Many experts and people really like this oil, and there are good reasons for that. It contains biotin and peppermint oil, both known to help hair grow. Additionally, it moisturizes hair and prevents breakage. The formula includes a blend of more than 30 different oils, such as castor and lavender oils. Priced under $10, you only need a few drops per use. According to dermatologist Dr. Lindsey Zubritskey, it features rosemary oil, a proven ingredient for promoting hair regrowth, and it can also strengthen your hair follicles. It’s an excellent choice to keep your hair healthy and strong. However, some reviewers found it too heavy and thick for their hair.

Easy Naturals Advanced Hair Growth Oil

This oil is a great choice for promoting hair growth, made with a blend of essential oils, including rosemary, peppermint, and lavender, all known for their hair-boosting benefits. It’s lightweight and non-greasy, ensuring it won’t weigh your hair down. The company also markets it as a hair growth serum. Easy Naturals hair growth serum effectively wakes up dormant hair follicles, thanks to its nutrient-rich and organic ingredients, promoting rapid hair growth and maintaining overall hair health. The product, which includes a massage brush, enhances the experience by increasing blood flow to your scalp. While some rare cases suggest possible allergies or rashes due to ingredients, such occurrences are infrequent.

Wild Growth Hair Oil

This oil is a budget-friendly choice that works well. It’s made with a mix of castor oil, coconut oil, and vitamin E, all beneficial for promoting hair growth. It also keeps your hair moisturized and stops it from breaking. David Petrillo, a cosmetic chemist, highly recommends Wild Growth Hair Oil, listing it among his top choices. The formulation incorporates a blend of essential oils such as lavender, peppermint, and jojoba. According to Petrillo, jojoba oil is commonly utilized for scalp and hair moisturization, although there is limited research on its specific impact on hair growth. Nevertheless, it is believed to contribute to overall hair health. The recommended usage involves applying a few drops of the oil one to three times a week, ensuring the longevity of the four-ounce bottle. The drawback of this product is its smell. Some reviewers don’t like how it smells.

Vegamour GRO Hair Serum

This serum is a game-changer for those with sensitive scalps. It’s made with a blend of plant-based ingredients, including red clover, mung bean sprouts, and turmeric, all of which have clinically proven hair-boosting benefits. These ingredients help recharge cells, improve skin and hair health, stimulate the hair growth cycle, and prevent future hair loss. The serum is suitable for all hair types and curl patterns, especially effective in adding volume and density to your hair. The only caveat is its cost – a 1 oz. bottle is priced at $64, providing 30 days of continuous use before needing a replacement. Alternatively, you can opt for a value pack containing three bottles, ensuring the recommended 90 days of use.

Kitsch Rosemary Oil for Hair Growth & Healthy Scalp

This oil is pure rosemary oil, great for stimulating the scalp and promoting hair growth. It’s also moisturizing and helps prevent breakage. Formulated with scalp-friendly ingredients like castor oil, Kitsch Pre-Wash Scalp Oil is designed to loosen buildup before shampooing. It’s naturally fragranced with a calming lavender scent. The oil is meant to be left on for 10 minutes, which is ideal if you don’t like leaving oil on your scalp for long periods. The bottle is made of recyclable aluminum, and the dropper is made of recycled plastic. It is important to note that this product is not suited for those who stick to unscented products.

Mauli Rituals Grow Strong Hair Oil

Mauli Rituals promotes the application of its Grow Strong Hair Oil through a soothing head massage. The oil can be purchased with or without a comb, providing additional scalp stimulation. The recommended usage involves applying a few drops twice a week for the initial six weeks, followed by once per week. It can be left on for 20 minutes or overnight before washing, or applied to strands for managing dry ends. Enriched with beneficial plant-derived ingredients like amla and Bhringraj oils, the product has garnered positive reviews for imparting glossiness and shine to fine, naturally gray hair, as well as promoting regrowth. Due to its effectiveness, the price is relatively high and is rarely discounted. 

Briogeo Scalp Revival Charcoal + Tea Tree Scalp Treatment Serum

If your scalp gets dry and flaky due to weather changes or not drinking enough water, a good solution is to use a moisturizing serum in your hair care routine. The Briogeo Charcoal and Tea Tree Treatment is a great choice. It contains ingredients like binchotan charcoal (cleansing), biotin (for hair growth), peppermint, and tea tree oil (soothing for dry and irritated scalps), and witch hazel (controls oil). This product hydrates and calms dry, irritated skin. In tests, it increased scalp hydration by up to two times. It works well with all hair types, so everyone can enjoy its nourishing benefits. However, it’s important to note that the mint ingredient in this serum may leave a tingling sensation, which may not be appreciated by everyone.

Kiehl’s Magic Elixir Scalp & Hair Oil Treatment

Dermatologist Marisa Garshick, MD, recommends Kiehl’s Magic Elixir. She appreciates its versatility as a pre-shampoo treatment, nourishing the scalp and hair for overall improved health. The application involves leaving it on a dry scalp for 10 minutes before rinsing or washing the hair. Suitable for all hair types, including fine hair, it is fragrance-free and features ingredients like rosemary oil and moisturizing avocado oil. Some user’s positive reviews note significant improvements in hair thickness, softness, shine, and relief from scalp itchiness after just three uses. However, it scored poorly in terms of environmental impact compared to other products.

Squigs Beauty Gooseberry Delight Hair Oil

Experience the benefits of our award-winning headcare treatment, designed to promote strong, shiny hair and maintain a healthy scalp. Squigs hair oil features amla oil, derived from the gooseberry plant, a beauty treatment deeply rooted in Indian traditions for centuries. Setting us apart from other hair oils, our products are free from unnecessary fragrances and dyes that may lead to a dry, itchy, and irritated scalp. For optimal results, we recommend leaving it on overnight to fully indulge in the transformative experience. This oil is an excellent choice for individuals with oily hair and is particularly beneficial for those with dry and combination hair.

Leonor Greyl Régénérescence Naturelle

Leonor Greyl Régénerescence Naturelle has a mix of 16 oils, and some are grown without chemicals. These oils work together to feed your hair and scalp and help your hair grow. To get the best results, you should leave the treatment on for 15 minutes to overnight. This product is good for people who like things that are vegan, don’t harm animals, don’t have silicones, and don’t have fake ingredients. The oil comes in a small bottle with a rollerball, so it’s easy to put on without making a mess. It’s a bit expensive, though.

Pattern Jojoba Oil Hair Serum

Pattern Beauty is famous for creating products that love curls. One of their special products is the Jojoba Oil Hair Serum, which goes beyond just curls. This serum gives an extra dose of moisture, and while anyone can use it, it’s especially great for hair with low porosity. Low porosity hair is often straight or wavy but still has some texture. This hair type tends to accumulate residue on the scalp so, it needs a very light product. This formula has a lot of jojoba oil, and it also has safflower, rosehip, olive, and lavender oils. These oils help fix damaged hair and keep moisture in your scalp and strands. Those with high porosity hair may find this oil too thin to penetrate their strands.

Olaplex No. 3 Hair Perfector

Olaplex No. 3 Hair Perfector is a really effective treatment, especially if your hair has been damaged by chemicals like dyes or perms. What makes it special is that it has patented ingredients. These special ingredients have a great effect in repairing broken bonds in hair, making it stronger and stimulating hair growth. No. 3 Hair Perfector™ is an innovative bonding agent that repairs damage right from the start, at the molecular level. That’s why it’s trusted by stylists, editors, and those looking for healthy hair. Patented OLAPLEX Bond Building Technology™ helps rebuild broken disulfide bonds to restore strength for visibly healthier hair. The cost may seem a bit high, and in some use cases, breakage is also a disadvantage of this product.

Ceremonia Aceite de Moska Pre-Shampoo Scalp & Hair Oil

Ceremonia Aceite de Moska is an oil you put on your hair before washing to help with itchy and flaky scalp and make your hair grow healthy. They suggest using a massager to put it on your scalp, leaving it for 15 minutes or overnight, and then washing your hair. Ceremonia cares about the environment and uses packaging that’s 30 to 100 percent recycled. They’re plastic-negative, meaning they take out more plastic from nature than they use, which helps with recycling. People really like it! Someone said it helped with dry hair and hair loss after having a baby. But, be careful if you don’t like strong smells.

Moroccanoil Treatment

A multitasking hair treatment infused with antioxidant-rich argan oil and essential fatty acids for a healthier look. Rated as the number 1 hair conditioner in the US. The outstanding benefits of this product are that it nourishes hair, smoothens frizz, detangles, and increases shine by up to 118%. Apply a small amount from mid-lengths to ends. Blow dry or let it dry naturally. It is also effective on dry hair. Many customers liked this product so much that they rated it as worth every penny and felt super satisfied. They just have used it in one month and noticed their hair looks more vibrant, brighter, and softer. If I had to name the only drawback of the product, it would definitely be its cost. That is obvious.

The Ordinary Multi-Peptide Serum for Hair Density

You might know The Ordinary for their good formulas and affordable prices. But, guess what? They also make stuff for your hair! One thing they have is the Multi-Peptide Serum for Hair Density. This special mix does a lot of work to fight hair loss and make your hair look thicker and healthier. It has Redensyl™, which comes from plants and wakes up sleepy hair follicles. There’s also Procapil™ that boosts scalp circulation and tackles aging follicles. And, don’t forget Baicapil™ – a mix of plant stuff that helps hair grow and get denser. They say you should put a few drops on your clean, dry scalp before bedtime. Some people even say it’s better than minoxidil, and many notice a big change in how thick their hair looks on their heads. Although praised for its benefits, some people say that it irritates their scalp.

The Mane Choice The Alpha Multi-Vitamin Scalp Growth Oil

The Mane Choice Alpha Multivitamin Scalp Nourishing Growth Oil is a perfect blend of multivitamins and essential nutrients designed to encourage natural hair growth. The nutritional formula of Mane Choice multivitamins helps improve your overall hair quality, reducing hair loss due to breakage. Especially with its vitamin C content combined with nourishing oils, this product helps restore and nourish your hair to a healthier, longer, and thicker state. Some individuals who purchased it did not appreciate the scent, and it may feel too heavy for those with fine hair.

How to Pick the Right Hair Growth Oil

Choosing the right hair growth oil involves considering various factors related to your hair type, specific needs, and personal preferences. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you pick the right hair growth oil

Identify Your Hair Type

Understand your hair type, whether it’s straight, curly, wavy, fine, thick, dry, or oily. Different hair types have varying needs, and certain oils may be more effective for specific textures. Take into account your scalp type. If you have a dry scalp, choose oils with moisturizing properties. For an oily scalp, opt for lighter oils that won’t weigh your hair down.

Determine Your Hair Concerns

Identify and analyze the unique issues affecting your hair, including but not limited to issues like hair loss, dryness, frizz, or damage. Explore oils that possess specific properties tailored to alleviate and target your individual hair concerns.

Research Key Ingredients

Explore hair oils containing key ingredients renowned for enhancing hair health, including Biotin for growth, Castor Oil for nourishment and thickness, Argan Oil for shine and frizz reduction, Jojoba Oil for scalp and hair moisturization, and Vitamin E as an antioxidant for a healthy scalp. Steer clear of detrimental components like sulfates and silicones that can deplete natural oils and contribute to damage.

Perform Patch Tests

Before incorporating a new oil into your hair care routine, it’s essential to conduct a patch test on a small section of your scalp. Applying a small amount of the oil to a discrete area minimizes the risk of adverse effects and ensures a safer and more informed integration into your overall hair care regimen.

Read Product Reviews

Gain a comprehensive understanding of the product’s efficacy by perusing reviews from other users. This approach provides valuable insights into how the product performs in addressing specific issues and ensures that you are considering experiences most relevant to your own hair care needs. By delving into reviews that align with your hair profile, you can make more informed decisions about the potential effectiveness of the product for your unique circumstances.

Consider Your Routine

Select a hair growth oil that seamlessly integrates into your current hair care regimen. Verify that the chosen oil complements and harmonizes with your existing products and practices. This ensures a cohesive approach to your hair care routine, allowing the growth oil to work synergistically with other products without causing conflicts or disruptions.

Budget Considerations

Determine your budget for hair care products. There are effective hair growth oils available at various price points, so find one that aligns with your budget.

FAQ

1. How long does it take for a hair growth oil to show results?  

You might notice some hair growth after a few weeks of using hair oil. But, it could take several months to see the complete results of using the oil.

2. Do oils make your hair grow faster?

The dermatologist said that the idea that hair oil can make your hair grow is not true. Oils can make your hair healthier, but they don’t make it grow. So, if you believe that using hair oils can prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth, that’s incorrect.

3. Which oil is best for hair growth and thickness for black hair?

Shea butter and argan oil work well to moisturize and strengthen black hair. It’s equally important to avoid products with sulfates, parabens, or other harmful chemicals as they can harm hair and impede growth.

4. Which oil recipe is best for hair growth and thickness?

Rosemary extract is known to encourage new hair growth, making it a valuable addition to any carrier oil. Ingredients: Half a teaspoon of Rosemary Oil and 3 tablespoons of your preferred oil, such as argan, jojoba, almond, olive, coconut, etc

Conclusion

There are many different hair growth oils available on the market, each with its own unique blend of ingredients and benefits. It is important to choose an oil that is right for your hair type and scalp condition. If you have sensitive skin, you should test the oil on a small area of your skin before applying it to your entire scalp. You should also be patient when using hair growth oils, as it may take several weeks or months to see results. In addition to using hair growth oil, there are other things you can do to promote healthy hair growth, such as eating a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, and managing stress.